Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) Certification Practice Test

According to Schein, what are the first levels of culture?

1. Basic Assumptions, Artefacts, Values

2. Values, History, Artefacts

3. Artefacts, Espoused Values, Basic Assumptions

4. Espoused Values, Ownership, Diversity

The correct answer is: Artefacts, Espoused Values, Basic Assumptions

Schein's model of organizational culture identifies three primary levels of culture, which provide a framework for understanding how culture operates within an organization. The correct sequence begins with artefacts, which are the visible, tangible elements of culture, such as dress codes, office layout, rituals, and ceremonies. These are the first, surface-level indicators of culture but do not provide insight into the more profound values and assumptions beneath them. Following artefacts, espoused values represent the organization's declared set of values and rules, which guide behavior. These are often articulated in mission statements or corporate policies and reflect what the organization claims to value. However, espoused values may not always be in alignment with the actual values evident in day-to-day practices and behaviors. Finally, the deepest level consists of basic assumptions, which are the underlying beliefs that are taken for granted within the organization. These assumptions are often unconscious but profoundly shape how members of the organization perceive, think, and feel. Understanding these levels helps individuals recognize that while artefacts may be immediately observable, the true essence of culture is embedded in the deeper values and assumptions that drive organizational behavior. The combination of artefacts, espoused values, and basic assumptions provides a comprehensive view of an organization's culture.