Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) Certification Practice Test

What does 'valence' refer to in Vroom's expectancy theory?

1. The difficulty of achieving a goal

2. The degree of importance someone places on an outcome

3. The expected results of a performance

4. The total effort required to succeed

The correct answer is: The degree of importance someone places on an outcome

In Vroom's expectancy theory, 'valence' specifically refers to the degree of importance that an individual places on a specific outcome or reward. This concept highlights that not all outcomes have the same value to everyone; different individuals may prioritize different rewards based on their personal goals, needs, and desires. For example, an employee may greatly value a monetary bonus but might place little importance on additional vacation days. Thus, valence influences motivation because it affects how much effort an individual is willing to put forth when they perceive that a desirable outcome is achievable. Understanding the significance of valence allows organizations to tailor their reward systems to align with what their employees value most, thereby enhancing motivation and performance. In contrast, the other options focus on different aspects of performance and motivation unrelated to valence, such as the achievement of goals or the effort required, rather than the individual's perception of the outcome's importance.